Unit 5:
Physiological Structure and Life processes
Multiple
choice questions: [1 mark each]
1.
The percentage
of blood corpuscles in human blood is ……………….
a) 55% b)
45% c) 91% d) 65%
2.
What is the
average quantity of blood in human body??
a)
5.8 liter b)
4.8 liter c) 5 liter d) 5.5 liter
3.
What is the
average life span of RBC?
a) 60 days b)
90 days c) 100 days d) 120 days
4.
Which of the
disease is caused by the lack of haemoglobin or RBC in blood?
a) anaemia b)
Leukemia c) Leucopenia d) Haemophilia
5.
What is the
range of diameter of WBC?
a) 10-15μ b)
15-20 μ c) 8-15 μ d) 12-20 μ
6.
What is the
average diameter of platelet?
a) 1.5 μ b) 2.5 μ c) 3.5 μ d)
4.5 μ
7.
What is the
average weight of heart in adult?
a) 300 gm b)
400 gm c) 450 gm d) 500 gm
8.
Which instrument
is used to measure the blood pressure?
a) pressure
gauge b) manometer c) barometer d) sphygmomanometer
9.
Which blood
group is consider as universal donor?
a) A b) B c) O d) AB
10. Which blood group is called universal receptor?
a) A b) B c) O d) AB
11. Which blood group has both antigen A and B?
a) A b) B c) O d) AB
12. Which blood group does not have any antigen?
13. a) A b)
B c) O d) AB
14. Which of the following is/are used to diagnosis of
heart attack?
15. a) ECG b)
MRI c)
Angiography d) all
of these
16.
Answer: 1(b), 2(d),
3(a), 4(c), 4(d), 5(c), 6(b), 7(a), 8(d), 9(c), 10(d), 11(d), 12(c)
Very
short questions: [1 mark each]
1.
What is life
process?
Life process is
the sum of all the physiological and metabolic activities carried out by living
beings to survive and continue their life is called life process.
2.
What is blood
circulatory system?
The blood
circulatory system the system of the human body for the transportation of
blood, hormones, nutrients to the different parts of human body and waste
materials like uric acid, water to the respective excretory organs.
3.
Name the organs
involved in blood circulatory system.
The organs
involved in blood circulatory system are: heart, blood, blood vessels.
4.
What is the
range of pH value of healthy human blood?
The range of pH
value of a healthy human blood is 7.35-7.45.
5.
What is blood?
Blood is a red
coloured thick viscous complex connective fluid made up of plasma and blood
corpuscles.
6.
What is plasma?
Plasma is a
transparent clear yellowish fluid of blood in which blood cells are suspended.
7.
What are the
components of blood plasma?
The components
of blood plasma are water (90%), protein (8%), and 2% other dissolved
materials.
8.
What is RBC or
erythrocytes?
RBC or
erythrocytes are red coloured biconcave and enucleated structure suspended in
blood plasma.
9.
Name the disease
caused due to the lack of haemoglobin.
The name of the
disease caused due to the lack of haemoglobin is anaemia.
10. Name the types of leucocytes.
The types of
leucocytes are granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils) and
agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)
11. What is the average life span of WBC?
The average life
span of WBC is about 15 days.
12. What is the average number of WBC per mm3 of blood?
The average
number of WBC per mm3 of blood ranges between 4,000 to 10,000.
13. Where are WBCs destroyed?
WBCsare
destroyed in live, spleen and at the site of infection.
14. What are thrombocytes or platelets?
Thrombocytes are
colourless oval or round non nucleated cytoplasmic fragments formed from giant
cells of bone marrow.
15. How many thrombocytes are found in 1mm3 of blood?
The number of
thrombocytes in 1mm3 of blood ranges between 2 to 4 laks.
16. What is the life span of platelets?
The average life
span of platelets is 2-3 days.
17. What is the function of platelets?
The function of
platelets is to coagulate blood.
18. Name the protein found in platelets that coagulate
blood.
The protein
found in platelets that coagulate blood is thromboplastin.
19. What is haemophilia?
Haemophilia is a
disease characterized by the deficiency of fibrinogen and platelets. In this
condition blood takes long time to clot at the wound or cut region.
20. What is thrombocytosis?
Thrombocytosis
is a condition in which there is high amount of platelets in the blood that may
lead to brain hemorrhage or heart attack.
21. Name the valves present in the heart.
The valves
present in the heart are: tricuspid vale, bicuspid valve, aortic valve and
pulmonic valve.
22. Where is tricuspid valve located?
Tricuspid valve
is located between right auricle and right ventricle.
23. Name the valve located between left auricle and left
ventricle.
The valve
present between left auricle and left ventricle is bicuspid valve or mitral
valve.
24. Name the muscular wall that separates left and right
part of the heart.
The muscular
wall that separates left and right part of the heart is septum.
25. What are blood vessels?
Blood vessels
are tubular muscular structure through which bold flows.
26. Name the blood vessels present in human body.
The blood
vessels present in human body are: arteries, veins and capillaries.
27. What are arteries?
Arteries are
thick walled blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood to different parts of
body except pulmonary artery.
28. The arteries do not collapse even after the death of
a person, why?
Arteries are
deeply seated and they are thick walled made up0 of three layers. They are
elastic in nature. So, they do not collapse even after the death of a person.
29. Write the function of bicuspid valve.
The function of
bicuspid valve regulates the flow of blood from left auricle to the left
ventricle and prevents back flow of blood.
30. What is the function of pulmonic or semi-lunar
valve?
The function of
pulmonic valve prevents the back flow of blood from pulmonary artery.
31. What are capillaries?
Capillaries are
microscopic, extremely narrow and thin walled blood vessels for the exchange of
gases, nutrients and waste materials.
32. Write the function of capillaries.
The functions of
capillaries are to exchange of various materials like oxygen, carbon dioxide,
digested food, waste materials between the blood and the body tissues.
33. What do you mean by systemic circulation?
The circulation
of blood from the different parts of the body
9except lungs) to the heart is called systemic circulation.
34. Define pulmonary circulation.
The circulation
of the blood between the heart and the lungs through pulmonary vein and
pulmonary artery is called systemic circulation.
35. Define heartbeat.
The rhythmic
contraction and relaxation of heart muscles is called heartbeat.
36. What is the heart beat rate of an adult?
The heart beat
rate of an adult healthy person is 60-72 times/minute.
37. What do you mean by pulse rate?
Pulse rate is
the number of times the artery expands per minute due to the blood pressure of
the blood given due to the contraction of ventricles.
38. What is blood pressure?
The pressure
exerted by the flow of blood on the walls of arteries during the expansion and
relaxation of the ventricles of heart.
39. Define systolic pressure and diastolic pressure?
The pressure of
blood on the walls of arteries when the ventricle contracts is called systolic
pressure and the pressure of blood on the walls of arteries when the ventricle
relaxed is called diastolic pressure.
40. What is the range of systolic pressure in a healthy
person?
The range of
systolic pressure in a healthy person is 90 to 130 mm of Hg.
41. What is the range ofdiastolic pressure in a healthy
person?
The range of
diastolic pressure in a healthy person is 60 to 80 mm of Hg.
42. Define blood group.
The
categorization of blood into different groups on the basis of presence or
absence antibodies and antigens is blood group.
43. What are antibodies?
Antibodies or
aggulutinin are the protein present in blood plasma produced by the immunity
system that binds to the foreign invaders like bacteria and destroy them.
44. What are antigens?
Antigens or
agglutinogen are the special protein molecules present on the surface of RBC
which detect unwanted foreign cells present in the blood.
45. Name the blood groups of human blood.
The blood groups
of human blood are A, B, AB and O.
46. What is the basis of blood group?
The basis of
blood group is determined by the presence or absence of specific proteins and
sugars on the surface of red blood cells, which are called antigens.
47. What do you mean by Rh-factor?
Rh factor is a
type of protein that is present on the surface of red blood cells in most
people.
48. What is high blood pressure or hypertension?
Hypertension or
High blood pressure is a condition when the systolic blood pressure exceeds
more than 140 mm of Hg.
49. What is diabetes or diabetes mellitus?
Diabetes is a
disease which is caused due to the increase in sugar level in the blood.
50. Name the hormone that controls sugar level in the
blood.
Insulin is the
hormone that controls sugar level in the blood.
51. Name the gland that secretes insulin.
The gland that
secretes insulin is pancreas.
52. Name the unit in which sugar level is measured.
Sugar level in
blood is measured in terms mg/dL. (milligram per deciliter) [1mg =1/1000 gm,
1dL=1/100 L]
53. What is the pre-prandial level of sugar in a healthy
person?
The pre-prandial
level of sugar in a healthy person is 70-99 mg/dL.
54. What is the post-prandial level of sugar in a
healthy person?
The
post-prandial level of sugar in a healthy person should be less than 140 mg/dL.
55. What is uric acid?
Uric acid is a
compound formed from the breakdown of purine present in protein containing
food.
56. What is gout?
Gout is a form
of arthritis that occurs when there is an excess of uric acid in the
bloodstream.
57. What is the reference range of uric acid in blood
plasma?
The reference
range of uric acid in blood plasma is 3.4-7.2 mg/dL.
58. What is heart attack or myocardial infarction?
A heart attack
is a serious medical emergency in which the supply of blood to heart is
suddenly blocked.
59. What is the full form of ACE inhibitor?
The full for of
ACE inhibitor is Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitor.
60. What is the function of ACE inhibitor?
61. ACE inhibitor prevents the conversion of Angiotensin
I to Angiotensin II. (Angiotensin II is a potent vasco-restrictor that
constrict the blood vessels.
Short
questions: [2 marks each]
1.
What are the functions
of circulatory system?
a)
It transports
oxygen, digested food nutrients and hormones to the various parts of body.
b)
It transports
waste materials produced in different organs or tissues to the respective
excretory organs.
c)
It regulates the
body temperature, water, mineral content of the body.
d)
It protects our
body from external pathogens and toxins.
2.
Write the
properties of blood.
The properties
of blood are:
i) Blood is red,
viscous fluid due to the presence of haemoglobin.
ii) It is salty
in taste and alkaline in nature.
iii) Its pH
ranges from 7.35 to 7.45.
iv) Its specific
gravity is 1.05 to 1.06.
3.
Write a short
note on RBC.
RBC is a
biconcave corpuscle which is red in colour due to the presence of haemoglobin.
It is bounded by an elastic semi-permeable plasma membrane. It contains iron in
it. Its main function is to transport oxygen in the tissues for oxidation of
food. They are produced in bone marrow such as vertebrae, skull and ribs. Their
life span is 120 days. On an average 1mm3 of blood possess 4.5 to 5 millions of
RBC.
4.
Write two
functions of RBCs.
Two functions of
RBCs are:
i) They
transport O2 and CO2.
ii) They balance
the acid-base balance in body.
5.
What are the
symptoms of anaemia?
The symptoms of
anaemia are:
a) Loss in body
weight.
b) Loss of appetite.
c) Slow and
retarded growth.
d) Pale and
dull-coloured skin.
e) Weakness and
tiredness in a short walk or work.
6.
A person
suffering from anaemia feels tired after a short walk?
A person
suffering from anaemia has deficiency of red blood cells or haemoglobin in
his/her blood. Haemoglobin are the carrier of oxygen to the body tissues and
organs. So, adequate amount of oxygen cannot be supplied to the body for the
respiration and to release energy. As a result, due to the lack of sufficient
energy, a person feels tired after a short walk.
7.
What is
leucopenia? How does it occur?
Leucopenia is a
disease in which there is excessive decline in the number of WBC. It occur due
to the fall in the number of neutrophils in blood when a person is subjected to
chemotherapy, failure of bone marrow, disorder in immune system, low nutrition
in diet and exposure to radiation.
8.
White blood
cells are called the defender of our body. Why?
White blood
cells are of several types, they are considered the defender of our body
because they play a critical role in our immune system. They are responsible
for recognizing and attacking foreign substances, such as viruses, bacteria,
and other pathogens that can cause infections and disease.
9.
What is
leukemia? What are its causes?
Leukemia is a
type of blood cancer which affect the blood and bone marrow due to the increase
in one or more variety of leucocytes. The causes of leukemia are genetic
transmission, exposure to radiation and chemicals, immunity system disorder and
viral infection.
10. Blood does not clot when inside the blood vessels
but it clots outside, why?
Blood does not
clot inside the blood vessels due the presence of anticoagulant called heparin
or antiprothrombin. When the blood comes in contact with air, the platelets
burst and produce thromboplastin which help in the production of an enzyme
called prothrombinase. This enzyme inactivates heparin and converts inactive
prothrombin into thrombin. So, blood does not clot inside blood vessels but it
clots outside.
11. Why is donated blood treated with sodium citrate?
Sodium citrate
is an anticoagulant and does not allow the blood to clot easily. So, during the
donation of the blood, sodium citrate is kept in the bag where donated blood is
collected. It helps keeps the blood without clotting for the a long storage and
transportation from blood bank to hospitals.
12. The walls of left ventricle is thicker than right
ventricle. Give reason.
The walls of the
left ventricle are thicker than those of the right ventricle because the left
ventricle pumps blood to all parts of the bodywhile the right ventricle only
pumps blood to the lungs. Since the left ventricle has to pump blood more
forcefully and at a higher pressure than the right ventricle, it requires more
muscle to perform this function.
13. The walls of right ventricle is thicker than the
walls of right auricle, why?
The right
ventricle pumps the blood into pulmonary artery forcefully with high pressure
while right auricle only receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior
vencava. So, walls of right ventricle is thicker than the auricle.
14. Right auricle is larger than the left auricle. Give
reason.
Right auricle
receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior venacava while left
auricle receives small amount of blood from the lungs through pulmonary vein.
Therefore, more space is required to collect large amount of blood in the right
auricle as compare to left auricle.
15. Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood, why?
Pulmonary artery
carries from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for purification
i.e. exhaling carbon dioxide and absorbing oxygen.
16. The heart is slightly tilted towards right, why?
The right
auricle of the heart receives large volume of blood from different parts of the
body through superior and inferior vena cava. So, due to the presence of large
volume of blood, it is slightly tilted towards right.
17. The heart beat become faster after a long run, why?
During the long
run large amount of energy is required by the body. The energy is produced by
the oxidation of glucose in the cells and tissues. So, in order to supply large
amount of oxygen to oxidize glucose to release energy the heart has to pump
blood at the faster rate. Hence, the heart beat becomes faster after a long
run.
18. Why does the blood clot after death?
The blood clot
after death due to the change of physiological and chemical factors. After
death, the heart stops pumping the blood due to which its flow stops and
cogulating factors accumulate at one place and hence they become active.
19. Arteries are deeply seated while veins are
superficially seated in the body, why?
Blood in the
arteries flow with higher pressure in comparison to the pressure of blood in
veins. So, in order withstand the high pressure of the blood they are deeply
seated. In contrary, vein have very low blood pressure and it has one way valve
which allows smooth flow of blood. So, arteries are deeply seated while veins
are superficially seated in the body.
20. Bleeding from artery is more dangerous than that
from veins, why?
Arteries carry
oxygenated blood along with nutrients, which has very high pressure than that
of veins. It is very difficult to stop bleeding due to high speed of the blood.
It is quite difficult for fibrinogen and platelets to be active. Hence,
excessive amount of blood is lost and the body may deprived of oxygen and
energy. This may be fatal to a person. In contrast, vein carry deoxygenated
blood which has very low pressure and hence there is less loss of blood from
the body.
21. Arteries have thick and elastic muscular walls, but
the veins have thin walls, why?
Arteries carry
oxygenated blood with very high pressure. In order to withstand the high blood
pressure of the blood, the walls of arteries are thick and elastic while veins
carry deoxygenated blood having low pressure and it think wall can tolerate the
pressure exerted by deoxygenated blood in veins.
22. Veins are provided with valves but the arteries do
not have valves, Why?
Veins carry
deoxygenated blood from the various parts which have extremely low pressure as compared
to the arteries. It has to transport blood against the gravity so there is more
chance of back flow of blood. Hence, to avoid the backflow of blood, veins are
provided with valves. In comparison to the veins, arteries carry oxygenated
blood which has extremely high pressure. Due to high speed, there is no chance
of back flow of blood through arteries. Hence, they do not have valves.
23. The people of Himalayan region have red faces, why?
The Himalayan
region lies at high altitude due to which there is low atmospheric oxygen. The
people living in this region are adopted to have more haemoglobin to carry
large amount of oxygen in their body as compare to hilly and terai region. So,
due to having large amount of haemoglobin distributed in the blood vessels
throughout their body their skin appears red.
24. Write two differences between bicuspid valve and
tricuspid valve.
Two differences
between bicuspid and tricuspid valve are:
|
Bicuspid valve or Mitral valve |
Tricuspid valve |
|
1.
It lies
between left auricle and left ventricle of the heart. |
1.
It lies
between right auricle and right ventricle of the heart. |
|
2.
It consists of
two concentric membranous flaps. |
2.
It consists of
three concentric membranous flaps. |
25. Write the differences between pulmonary artery and
pulmonary vein.
The differences
between pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein are:
|
Pulmonary
artery |
Pulmonary
vein |
|
1.
They carry
deoxygenated blood from right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for
purification. |
1.
They carry
oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left auricle of the heart. |
|
2.
It is guarded
by semi-lunar valve. |
2.
It is not
guarded by any valve. |
26. Write two differences between blood cells and blood
plasma.
The differences
between blood cells and blood plasma are given below.
|
Blood
Cells |
Blood
Plasma |
|
1.
These are the
cellular components of the blood. |
1.
It is pale
yellowish fluid part of the blood. |
|
2.
They for 45%
of the total volume of the blood in the body of human being. |
2.
It forms 55%
of the total volume of blood in the human body. |
|
3.
They
constitute RBC, WBC and platelets. |
3.
It constitutes
water, minerals, protein, lipids and carbohydrates. |
27. The blood pressure of a person is 90/130. What does
it mean?
The blood
pressure of a person is 90/130, it means that the systolic blood pressure of
the person is 130 mm of Hg and diastolic pressure is 90 mm of Hg.
28. Write the conditions at which heartbeat increases.
The conditions
under which blood pressure increases are mentioned below:
a)
When a person
runs for a long time or during hard work.
b)
During the
physical exercise.
c)
During emotion,
tension and fear.
d)
During illness
or fever.
29. Why is blood group O called universal donor?
Blood group O is
called universal donor because it can be safely transfused to the other
patient. It has neither A nor B surface antigens on the red blood cells. This
is because the presence of A or B antigens on red blood cells can trigger an
immune response in individuals with different blood types, leading to a
potentially life-threatening reaction. This means that our immune system will
not react to the blood because there is no antigen to react against. So, O
blood group can be transfused in people of any blood type; hence, the term
universal blood donor.
30. Why is blood group AB called a universal receptor?
Blood group AB
is called the universal recipient because individuals with this blood type have
both A and B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells, which means they
can receive blood from individuals with any other blood type without triggering
an immune response. This is because individuals with blood group AB have
developed antibodies to neither A nor B antigens, which makes it safe for them
to receive blood from individuals with blood groups A, B, AB, or O.
31. Why does a person with blood group A cannot receive
blood from blood group B?
32. A person with blood group A has red blood cells that
carry the A antigen on their surface, while a person with blood group B has red
blood cells that carry the B antigen on their surface.
When blood from
a person with blood group B is transfused into a person with blood group A, the
antibodies in the recipient's plasma (which are naturally occurring antibodies
against the B antigen) recognize the B antigen as foreign and attack the
transfused red blood cells, leading to a potentially life-threatening immune
reaction.
33. Write the symptoms of high blood pressure.
The symptoms of
blood pressure are:
a) Headache and
problem in deep breathing
b) nose bleeding
c) facial
redness
d) sweating and
tiredness
e ) insomnia and
anxiety
34. What are the symptoms of uric acid/gout?
The symptoms of
uric acid or gout are:
a)
Joint ache and
inflammation.
b)
Deep muscular
pain and difficulty in walking.
c)
Redness and pain
in shins.
35. What are the causes of gout?
The causes of
gout are:
a.
Kidney disorder
b.
Overweight
c.
Excessive
consumption of alcohol and protein containing food.
d.
Family history
of gout.
36. Mention the treatments of heart attack.
37. The treatments of heart attack includes the
following
a)
Medication: It
includes the drugs like aspirin, thrombolytic or fibrinolytic, heparin,
nitroglycerin, morphin, beta blockers and ACE inhibitors
b)
Surgical
procedure: It includes cardiac catheterization, Balloon angioplasty, stent
placement and bypass surgery.
38. a
Long
question answer [4 marks each]
1.
Write the
functions of blood plasma.
a) Plasma
transports nutrients and hormones to the different parts of the body.
b) It transports
waste materials like carbon dioxide, urea, water, etc. to the respective
excretory organs for excretion.
c) It maintains
the body temperature, amount of water in the tissues and other metabolites.
d) Fibrinogen in
blood plasma plays an important role in blood clotting.
2.
Write the
functions of white blood cells.
The functions of
white blood cells include:
a) White blood cells is to recognize and attack
foreign substances, such as viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens that can
cause infections and disease. They do this by engulfing and destroying these
harmful substances or producing antibodies that can identify and neutralize
them.
b) They also
help to regulate immune responses by controlling the activity of other immune
cells, such as T cells and B cells. This helps to ensure that the immune system
responds appropriately to different types of threats.
c) They help to
remove dead cells and debris from the body, which can help to prevent
inflammation and infection.
d) They are also
involved in allergic reactions, helping to identify and respond to allergens in
the body.
3.
Describe the
functions of blood.
i) Transportation
of gases: Blood transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues for oxidation
and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs for exhaling.
ii) Transport of
nutrients: The digested food materials
are transported from the intestine to various parts of the body.
iii)
Transportation of waste products:the waste products produced as a result of
metabolism are transported to the respective excretory organs for their removal
from the body.
iv)
Transportation of hormones: The hormones produced by the different endocrine
glands are transported to the targeted site or organs.
v) Defense
against pathogens: WBC present in the blood help to prevent against disease
causing germs or pathogens.
vi) Prevent the
blood loss: Prothrombin and fibrinogen present in the platelets and blood
plasma help in blood clotting at the wound or injured parts.
vii) Balance
water and maintain temperature: Blood maintain the body temperature and water
in the body tissues.
4.
Describe human
heart in brief with figure. Or Draw a well labeled diagram of human heart.
The human heart
is a muscular organ that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.
It is located in the chest cavity, between the lungs, and is roughly the size
of a fist. The heart is surrounded by fluid containing a sac called the
pericardium, which helps to protect and lubricate the heart. The heart has four
chambers: the right auricle, right ventricle, left auricle, and left ventricle.
Auricles are the upper chambers, and the ventricles are the lower chambers of
the heart
The right auricle
receives deoxygenated blood through superior and inferior venacava from the body,
which then flows into the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps this
deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Oxygenated blood returns to the
left auricle of the heart via pulmonary vein, and then flows into the left
ventricle. The left ventricle pumps this oxygenated blood to the rest of the
body through the aorta.
1.
Write the
differences between RBC and WBC.
The differences
between RBC and WBC are:
|
RBC |
WBC |
|
1.
RBC are
biconcave shaped. |
1.
WBC are
irregular shaped. |
|
2.
They are
smaller than WBC. |
2.
They are
larger than WBC. |
|
3.
They are
non-nucleate. |
3.
They may be
nucleate. |
|
4.
They are more
in number. |
4.
They are less
in number. |
|
5.
They are red
in colour due to the presence of haemoglobin. |
5.
They are
colourless due to the lack of haemoglobin. |
|
6.
They help in
carrying oxygen. |
6.
They help in
defending against pathogens. |
2.
Write the
differences between arteries and veins.
The differences
between arteries and veins are:
|
Arteies |
Veins |
|
1.
Arteries carry
blood away from the heart. |
1.
Veins carry
blood to the heart. |
|
2.
They are
deeply seated. |
2.
They are superficially seated. |
|
1.
They do not
have valves. |
3.
They have
valves. |
|
2.
They are thick
walled. |
4.
They are thin
walled. |
|
3.
They carry
oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery. |
5.
They carry
deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein. |
|
4.
They have
narrow lumen. |
6.
They have wide
lumen. |
3.
Write the
differences between auricle and ventricle.
On the basis of
location and function there are certain differences between auricle and
ventricle of the heart. They are as follows:
|
Auricle |
Ventricle |
|
1.
Auricles are
upper chamber of the heart. |
1.
Ventricles are
lower chambers of heart. |
|
2.
They are thin
walled. |
2.
They are thick
walled. |
|
3.
They receive
blood from the different parts of the body. |
3.
They transmit
blood to the different parts of the body. |
|
4.
Veins arise
from auricles. |
4.
Arteries arise
from ventricle. |
4.
How does
Rh-factor behave in the blood transfusion?
The Rh factor
plays a significant role in blood transfusions. Rh factor refers to the
presence or absence of a specific antigen called the RhD antigen on the surface
of red blood cells.
When a person
with Rh-negative blood receives a blood transfusion, it is essential to match
their blood type with Rh-negative blood. If Rh-positive blood is transfused
into an Rh-negative individual, it can lead to an immune response. The first
exposure of an Rh-negative individual to Rh-positive blood triggers the
production of antibodies against the RhD antigen. This process is known as
sensitization. However, the initial immune response is usually not severe and
may not cause noticeable symptoms.
In second
transfusions with Rh-positive blood, or in certain other situations such as
pregnancy, these preformed antibodies can quickly recognize and attack the
Rh-positive red blood cells. This immune response leads to the destruction of
the transfused Rh-positive cells, causing a reaction known as a transfusion
reaction.
5.
A serious
problem arise if an Rh-negative mother is carrying a Rh-positive foetus.
Explain.
When an
Rh-negative mother is carrying an Rh-positive fetus, a serious problem can
arise due to a condition called Rh incompatibility or Rh sensitization. This
occurs when the Rh-negative mother's immune system comes into contact with the
Rh-positive blood of the fetus, leading to the production of antibodies against
the Rh factor.
During the first
pregnancy, there can be instances when the Rh-positive fetal blood can mix with
the Rh-negative maternal blood. The first pregnancy is usually not affected by
Rh incompatibility, as sensitization typically occurs during or after delivery.
However, if the mother becomes sensitized during the first pregnancy, her
immune system recognizes the Rh-positive blood as foreign and produces
antibodies to destroy it. During the second pregnancy, if the foetus is
Rh-positive then a large number of RBCs of the foetus are destroyed as
antibodies of the immune system recognize Rh-negative as foreign substance and destroy
large number of RBC of the foetus leading to haemolytic disease to newborn
child. In this case the baby may experience jaundice, anemia, or severe swelling,
organ failure, and even fetal death.
6.
Write the causes
of high blood pressure.
The causes of
high blood pressure are:
a)
Smoking
b)
Lack of physical
exercise
c)
Too much alcohol
consumption
d)
Older age and
heredity cause
e)
Chronic kidney
disease and thyroid disorder
f)
Having
overweight or obesity
g)
Too much salt in
diet
h)
Stress and sleep
apnea
i)
Excessive
consumption of fatty, spicy and fried foods.
j)
Lack of physical
exercise.
7.
Write the
preventive measure of high blood pressure.
The preventive
measure of high blood pressure are:
a)
Care should be
taken in food.
b)
Over eating
should be avoided.
c)
Less salt should
be used in food.
d)
Regular exercise
should be done.
e)
Smoking and
consumption of alcohol should be avoided.
f)
Stress should be
avoided by developing positive thought.
g)
Blood pressure
should be checked regularly and necessary precaution should be followed.
8.
What are the
symptoms of diabetes?
The symptoms of
diabetes are:
a)
Frequent
urination (Polyuria)
b)
Passing out
sugar in urine
c)
Feel excessive
thirst and hunger.
d)
Delay in wound
healing.
e)
Fall in body
weight and dizziness.
f)
Muscles
cramping.
9.
Mention the
causes of diabetes.
The causes of
diabetes are:
a)
Hypo-secretion
of insulin hormone due to malfunctioning of pancreas.
b)
It is sometimes
a genetic disease and can be transmitted from parents to offspring.
c)
Eating too much
fatty and carbohydrate containing food.
d)
Overweight or
obesity and lack of exercise.
e)
It may also be
caused due to the lack of balance diet.
10. Mention the preventive measure of diabetes.
The preventive
measures of diabetes are as follows:
a)
Obesity should
be reduced.
b)
Balance diet
should be taken.
c)
Hypertension
should be reduced.
d)
Physical
exercise should be done regularly.
e)
Regular morning
walk should be done.
f)
We should avoid
smoking and drinking alcohol.
g)
Excessive
consumption of carbohydrate containing food should be reduced.
h)
We should
consume sufficient amount of green vegetables and fruits.
11. Write the preventive measures of gout.
The preventive
measures of gout are:
a)
Diet containing
high purine like fatty food, red meat, legumes should be reduced
b)
Excessive
alcohol consumption should be reduced.
c)
Overweight
should be reduced.
d)
Drinking plenty
of water may reduce gout or hyperuricemia.
e)
Drinking baking
soda solution helps to reduce uric acid level.
f)
Use of olive oil
as cooking is advantageous to reduce uric acid.
g)
Consumption of
wheat grass juice also reduce uric acid.
h)
Use of lemon and
other citrus fruit with hot water can also be helpful.
i)
Use of cherries
as well as purple and blue berries contain anthocyanin, which lowers the uric
acid.
12. What are the causes or risk factors of heart attack?
The causes of
heart attack are:
a)
Coronary heart
disease
b)
Smoking
c)
Alcohol
consumption
d)
Obesity
e)
Old age
f)
High fat diet
consumption
g)
Diabetes
h)
High blood
pressure or hypertension
i)
Lack of physical
exercise
j)
Family history
of heart disease.
13. What are the signs and symptoms of heart attack?
The signs and
symptoms of heart attack are as follows:
a)
Sharper chest
pain at the centre or left side of the chest.
b)
Feeling
discomfort in breathing.
c)
Feeling weak,
light headed, cold sweat and dizziness.
d)
Pain in neck,
jaws and back.
e)
Fatigue, nausea
and vomiting.
14. What are the preventive measure of heart attack?
The preventive
measures of heart attack are as follows:
a)
Avoid smoking
and alcohol consumption
b)
Regular exercise
and physical exercise
c)
Consumption of
healthy food with low sodium, fat and sugar.
d)
Stress should be
control
e)
Regular test for
cholesterol, blood pressure and blood sugar level
15. Describe cardiac catheterization.
During the procedure, the patient is given a local
anesthetic to numb the area where the catheter will be inserted. The catheter
is then guided through the blood vessel to the heart using X-ray imaging. Once
the catheter is in place, the doctor can measure the pressure inside the heart
and blood vessels, inject dye to visualize the blood flow, and perform other
diagnostic tests. In some cases, cardiac catheterization can also be used to
treat heart conditions. For example, a balloon catheter can be used to open
blocked arteries or a stent can be placed to keep the artery open. Overall,
cardiac catheterization is a useful tool for diagnosing and treating heart
conditions, but like any medical procedure, it carries some risks and should
only be performed when necessary.
1.
Describe balloon
angioplasty.
Balloon angioplasty is a medical procedure used to treat narrowed or blocked
blood vessels, typically in the heart. During the procedure, a small, flexible
tube called a catheter is inserted into the affected blood vessel through a
small incision. A deflated balloon is then threaded through the catheter and
positioned at the site of the blockage. The balloon is then inflated, which
compresses the plaque or blockage against the walls of the blood vessel,
widening the vessel and improving blood flow. The balloon is then deflated and
removed, and the catheter is withdrawn. The procedure is minimally invasive and
is often used as an alternative to more invasive surgical procedures.
2.
Describe stent
placement.
Stent placement is a medical procedure that involves
inserting a small, mesh-like tube called a stent into a narrowed or blocked
blood vessel. The stent is typically inserted using a catheter that is threaded
through a small incision in the skin and into the affected blood vessel. Once
the stent is in place, it is expanded using a small balloon, which compresses
the plaque or blockage against the walls of the blood vessel and widens the
vessel. The stent remains in place, acting as a scaffold to keep the blood
vessel open and improve blood flow. Stent placement is often used to treat
conditions such as coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and
renal artery stenosis.
3.
Describe bypass
surgery.
Bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass
grafting (CABG), is a surgical procedure used to treat blocked or narrowed
coronary arteries. During the procedure, a surgeon takes a healthy blood
vessel, typically from the leg or chest, and attaches it to the blocked or
narrowed coronary artery, creating a new route for blood to flow around the
blockage. This new blood vessel is called a graft. The surgery is typically
performed under general anesthesia and involves making an incision in the chest
to access the heart. The heart is then stopped temporarily, and a heart-lung
machine takes over the function of the heart and lungs during the surgery. Once
the graft is in place, the heart is restarted, and the chest incision is
closed. Bypass surgery is a major surgery and is typically reserved for cases where
other treatments, such as medication or angioplasty, have not been successful.
4.
Study the given
figure and answer the following questions.
a)
What is shown in
the above diagram?
Sample of blood is shown in the diagram.
b)
Name the parts
A, B, C and D.
The part A is red blood corpuscles, B is
blood plasma, C is white blood cell and D is platelets.
c)
Write the
function of A and C.
The function of A is to carry oxygen to
the different parts of the body and the function of C is the defend against the
disease germs.
d)
Name the disease
caused due to the lack of D.
Haemophilia is caused due to the lack of
D.
e)
Which disease is
caused due to the lack of C?
Leukopenia is caused due to the lack of C.
Glossary
|
Circulatory system: |
The system in human body related to the supply of
nutrients, oxygen, hormones, etc. to the tissues and organs and carry away
the waste from the tissues and organs to respective excretory organs with the
help of blood. |
|
Blood: |
A thick viscous red coloured fluid connective
tissue consisting of 55% blood plasma and 45% blood cells. |
|
Plasma: |
A yellowish coloured semi-transparent liquid
present in the blood. |
|
Red blood corpuscles: |
Red blood cells (RBCs) are red-coloured,
biconcave, enucleated structure suspended in the blood. |
|
White blood corpuscles: |
WBCs are irregular, colourless blood cells which
have nucleus and other cell orgnells. |
|
Platelets: |
Platelets are non-nucleated irregular, colourless,
round or oval blood cells found freely suspended in the blood plasma. |
|
Anaemia |
A condition which is caused due to the lack of
RBCs or haemoglobin in the blood. |
|
Haemophilia: |
A condition in which blood clotting delays in the
cut or wound due to the absence of blood-clotting chemicals. |
|
Leukaemia: |
Leukaemia is a condition in which a person has
excess of WBC in his/her body as compared to the normal limit. |
|
Leukopenia: |
A condition in which a person less number of WBC
in his or her body as compared to the normal person. |
|
Blood clotting: |
The process of formation of solid mesh at the site
of cut and wound. |
|
Arteries: |
Arteries are thick walled blood vessels that carry
blood away from the heart. |
|
Blood vessels: |
The elastic tubes through which the blood flows. |
|
Veins: |
Thin walled blood vessels with valves that carry
blood towards the heart. |
|
Capillaries: |
Capillaries are hair-like extremely narrow and
thin walled blood vessels. |
|
Pericardium: |
A A double layered membranous structure that
covers the heart. |
|
Pericardial fluid: |
A lubricating fluid in the pericardial cavity. |
|
Pericardial cavity: |
A gap between two layers of pericardium. |
|
Tricuspid Valve: |
A valve between right auricle and right ventricle
of the heart. |
|
Bicuspid valve: |
A valve between left auricle and left ventricle of
the heart. |
|
Pulmonary valve: |
A valve present between pulmonary artery and right
ventricle. |
|
Aortic valve: |
A valve between aorta and left ventricle. |
|
Blood pressure: |
The pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of
the arteries when the left ventricle contracts and relaxes. |
|
Systolic blood pressure: |
The measure of maximum pressure in the arteries
when left ventricle contracts. |
|
Diastolic blood pressure: |
The measure of minimum pressure in the arteries
when left ventricle relaxes. |
|
High blood pressure: |
A condition in which a person's blood pressure is
equal to or greater than 140/90 mm of Hg. |
|
Heart beat: |
Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of heart
muscles. |
|
Arterial pulse: |
The repetitive jerk felt at the major arteries of
the body due to the pumping action of the heart. |
|
Pulmonary circulation: |
The type of circulation of blood in which blood
flows from right ventricle to lungs. |
|
Systemic circulation: |
The type of circulation of blood in which blood
flows from left ventricle to the right auricle of the heart through body
tissue (except lungs). |
|
Insulin: |
A hormone secreted by pancreas that helps in maintaining
glucose level in blood. |
|
Diabetes: |
The condition in which body becomes unable to
maintain normal glucose level due to the lack of insulin. |
|
Uric acid: |
Uric acid is an antioxidant which help to remove
toxic materials from our body and also protect the inner walls of the blood
vessels. |
|
Gout (uric acid): |
Gout is a form of arthritic disease which is
characterized by the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints like
knees, toes, etc. |
|
Heart attack: |
The blockage of the flow of oxygenated blood in
the cardiac tissue of the heart. |
|
Bypass surgery: |
A surgery made by passing the blood supply to the
heart tissues through an alternative artery. |
|
Angiography: |
Angiography is an effective way to treat a heart
attack. It uses an x-ray imaging technique to find the blood clot. After that
a catherter or a tiny balloon is used to open the blockage. |
|
Fibrinogen: |
Fibrinogen is a protein produced by the liver that
helps blood clots to form. |
|
Haemoglobin: |
Haemoglobin is a red coloured pigment associated
with the transport of oxygen. |
|
Septum: |
A muscular margin that separates the heart into
two parts viz. left and right. |
|
Antibody: |
A kind of protein found in blood plasma. |
|
Antigen: |
A kind of protein molecule found on the surface of
RBC. |
|
Auricle: |
The upper chamber of the heart. |
|
Ventricle: |
The lower chamber of the heart. |
|
Aspirin: |
A medicine to relieve pain. |
|
Angioplasty: |
Angioplasty is a minimally invasive procedure
that is used to widen narrowed or blocked arteries. |
|
Sphygmomanometer: |
An instrument used to measure the blood pressure. |
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