Unit 2: Classification of living things
Multiple choice Questions: [1 mark each]
1. Who is known as the father of taxonomy?
a) Carolus Von Linneaus b) Ernst Haeckel c) Robert Whittaker d) Carl woese
2. Who proposed five kingdom system of classification?
a) Carolus Von Linneaus b) Ernst Haeckel c) Robert Whittaker d) Carl woese
3. Plants that produce seeds but not flowers are classified as:
a) Pteridophytes b) Gymnosperms c) Angiosperms d) Bryophytes
4. Plants that grow on other plants for support are classified as:
a) Epiphytes b) Parasites c) Saprophytes d) Halophytes
5. Which of the following is not a characteristic of bryophytes?
a) They have vascular tissue b) They require water for reproduction
c) They are non-vascular d) Their life cycle completes in two stages
6. Which of the following has a backbone?
a) Shellfish b) Starfish c) fish d) Jellyfish
7. Which of the following group has water vascular system?
a) Porifera b) Pisces c) Echinodermata d) Chordata
8. Which class has the largest number of organisms?
a) Pisces b) Reptilia c)Crustacea d) Insecta
9. To which class does Newt belong to?
a) Pisces b) Amphibia c) Reptilia d) Mammalia
10. Which of the following is the basic unit of classification?
a) Species b) Genus c) Family d) Kingdom
11. Which of the following chordate is not a vertebrate?
a) Snake b) Frog c) Fish d) Herdmania
12. A vertebrate needs water to complete its life cycle but it can live on land. To which class does it belong to?
a) Pisces b) Amphibia c) Aves d) Reptilia
13. Which of the following animal produces own heat by metabolism?
a) fish b) frog c) lizard d) parrot
14. Which of the given animal belongs to class mammalia?
a) Streamlined body, oviparous and gills are present
b) Mammary glands present, viviparous, pinnae present
c) Mammary gland absent, lungs present, oviparous
d) Viviparous and gills are present, three chambered heart
15. When Sanju observed specimen in the laboratory, she found that both the organism were long and cylindrical. She also found that organism A has cylindrical and segmented body and organism B has not segmented body. By studying the above characteristics, which statement is true for these organisms?
a)
b) Organism A is unisexual and Organism B is hermaphrodite.
c) Organism A is diploblastic whereas Organism B is triploblastic.
d) Organism A is triploblastic whereas organism B is diploblastic.
16. Figure of cordycep is shown alongside. It is formed by the fusion of caterpillar and fungi. What is the interrelationship between caterpillar and fungus in this process?
a) Symbiotic b) parasitic c) Saprophytic d) Commensalism
17. a
Answer: 1 (a), 2(c), 3(b), 4(a), 5(c), 6(c), 7(c), 8(d), 9(c), 10(a), 11(d), 12(b), 13(d), 14(b), 15(a), 16(b),
Very Short Answer Questions. [1 marks each]
1. What is classification of organism?
Classification of organism is the act of grouping of organisms on the basis of their similarities and dissimilarities into different categories.
2. What is binomial system of nomenclature?
Binomial system of nomenclature is the system of assigning scientific names to the living organism using generic and specific names.
3. Who is known as the father of taxonomy?
Carolus Von Linnaeus is known as the father of taxonomy.
4. What is taxon?
A taxon can refer to any level of classification in a hierarchical system, from a broad category like a kingdom to a specific category like a genus or species.
5. Give any two examples of kingdom monera?
Two examples of kingdom monera are: Bacteria and blue green algae.
6. When and who suggested five kingdom system of classification?
In year 1969 AD, American taxonomist Robert Harding Whittker suggested five kingdom system of classification.
7. Define autotrophs.
Autotrophs are organisms that create their own food internally and are able to sustain themselves without consuming other organisms.
8. What are fungi?
Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that obtain their nutrients through absorption from their environment and are generally classified as heterotrophs.
9. What are algae?
Algae is an informal term used to refer to a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms that range from unicellular microalgae to complex seaweeds.
10. What is thallus?
The vegetative part of a plant which is not differentiated into root, stem or leaves is called thallus.
11. Give two examples of algae.
Two examples of algae are: chlamydomonas and spirogyra
12. What are broyphytes?
Bryojphytes are the flowerless plants that grow in moist, shady and damp places.
13. What are the three groups of bryophytes?
The three groups of bryophytes are: liverworts, mosses and hornworts.
14. Which group of bryophytes form largest family?
Mosses form the largest family of bryophytes
15. What do you mean by alternation of generation?
Alternation of generation is the cycle of generation in which subsequent generation of individual alternate between haploid and diploid organism.
16. Name two plants belonging to division bryophyte.
Two plants belonging to division bryophyte are Riccia and Marchantia.
17. What are tracheophyta?
Tracheophyta is a division of plants that includes green plants with a vascular system that contains tracheids for transporting water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant.
18. What are the subdivision of division tarcheophyta?
The subdivision of division of tracheophyta are: Pteridophyta, Gymnosperm and Angiosperm.
19. What are gymnosperms?
Gymnosperms are the plants that do not bear fruits but they have naked seeds.
20. What are angiosperm?
Angiosperms are plants that produce flowers and bear their seeds in fruits.
21. How many species of angiosperms are there?
There are 300,000 species of angiosperms.
22. How many classes of angiosperms are there? What are they?
There are two classes of angiosperms. They are monocotyledon and dicotyledon.
23. On what basis are angiosperms classified into two classes.
Angiosperms are classified into monocotyledon and dicotyledon on the basis of numbers of leafy parts of a seed.
24. What are monocotyledons?
The plants which have single cotyledon or leafy parts in their seeds are called monocotyledons.
25. How many species of monocotyledons are there?
There are 60,000 species of monocotyledons.
26. What are dicotyledons?
The plants which bear two cotyledons or leafy parts in their seeds are called dicotyledons.
27. What are non-green thallophytes called?
Non-green thallophytes are called fungi.
28. What is a group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring called?
A group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring is called species.
29. Which plants have petals in the multiple of 4 or 5 in the flower?
Dicotyledons have petals in the multiple of 4 or 5 in the flower.
30. What is the percentage of chordates and non-chordates?
The percentage of chordates is 3% and non-chordates is 97% of kingdom anamalia.
31. What are chordata?
Chordata is the phylum of Animalia which includes the organism possessing a notochord in the embryonic stage of their life.
32. What are non-chordata?
Non-chordata are the organisms which do not have notochord in the embryonic stage of their life.
33. What are porifera?
The poriferons are the most primitive multicellular which have pores all over their bodies.
34. What are coelenterate?
The aquatic invertebrate animals having a hollow body cavity are called coelentrata.
35. What are ostia?
The numerous pores present in the bodies of the Poriferon are called ostia.
36. What is osculum?
Osculum is an opening present in the body of poriferon to excrete out waste and water.
37. Write two functions of tentacles found in hydra.
Two functions of tentacles found in hydra are defense against enemy and capture the prey.
38. What type of animals are called unisexual? Give any two examples.
Animals having only one sex organ within an individual are called unisexual. eg. birds, human.
39. What type of animals are called hermaphrodite?
Hermaphrodite animals are those that have both male and female reproductive organs.
40. What are Platyhelminthes?
The animals which have dorsoventrally flattened body are called Platyhelminthes.
41. Define oviparous.
The animals which lay eggs are called oviparous. Example: Fish, Frog, etc.
42. Define viviparous.
The animals which directly give birth directly to young ones are called viviparous.
43. What do you mean by sporophyte?
Sporophyte is the stage in life cycle of lower plants in which diploid spores are produces.
44. What is meant by gametophyte?
Gametophyte is the stage in the life cycle of lower plants which is produces gametes.
45. Name two plants having rhizoids.
Two plants having rhizoids are: Marchantia and Riccia
46. Name two animals having mouth but no anus.
Two animals having mount but no anus are: tapeworm and liver fluke
47. Name any two animals that move through tentacles.
Two animals that move through tentacles are: hydra and jellyfish
48. What are the locomotory organs of slug and starfish?
The locomotory organs of slug and starfish are muscular feet and tube feet respectively.
Short Answer Questions: [2 marks each]
1. Why is CarolusLinneaus known as the father of taxonomy?
CarolusLinneaus is known as the father of taxonomy because he was the first scientist to introduce binomial system of classification for the first time. It was the more advanced and systematic system of classification ever before.
2. Name all the kingdoms of five kingdom system of classification.
All the kingdoms of five kingdom system of classification are :Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
3. Why is bacteria kept in kingdom Monera?
Bacteria are kept in kingdom Monera because they are neither plants nor animals and are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus. With the discovery of electron microscope, biologists realized that it did not make any sense to include prokaryotic world of bacteria in kingdom Protista with single-celled eukaryotic organisms. Hence, they are kept in a separate kingdom Monera.
4. Why are algae called thallophyta?
Algae are called thallophyta because their body is not differentiated into root, stem or leaves. They are either found in free state or in the form of colony.
5. Write the hierarchical order of classification of plants.
The hierarchical order of classification of plants are:
Kingdom
Sub-kingdom
Division
Sub-division
Class
order
Family
genus
species
6. Angiosperms have fruits but gymnosperms do not. Give reason.
Angiosperms have fruits because their seeds are enclosed within an ovary, which enlarges and matures into a fruit. In contrast, gymnosperms do not have fruits because their seeds are not enclosed within an ovary. Instead, they produce naked seeds without any surrounding tissue or structure.
7. Plants with xylem and phloem are called vascular plants, why?
Xylem and phloem are the vascular tissues in the plants that help in the transportation of water and minerals and food prepared in the leaves throughout the plant body. So, the plants with xylem and phloem are called vascular plants.
8. Why is fern classified in the division tracheophyta and sub division pteridophyta?
Fern is classified in the division tracheophyta because they have vascular tissue for the conduction of water, minerals and food. They are classified under sub division pteridophyta because they contains feathery leaves.
9. Categorize the following organisms into their respective kingdoms: bacteria, Mushroom, algae, protozoa and plants.
According to five kingdom system of classification:
Organism | Kingdom |
Bacteria | Monera |
Mushroom | Fungi |
Algae | Plantae |
Protozoa | Protista |
Plants | Plantae |
10.
11. Why is cycas kept in gymnosperm?
Cycas is kept in gymnosperm because it bear cones instead of flower and seed are not covered by fleshy fruits. They are exposed naked.
12. Why are angiosperms considered as most advanced plants?
Angiosperms are considered the most advanced plants due to their reproductive structures, such as flowers and fruit, which provide protection for the ovule and developing embryo, as well as aid in pollination and seed dispersal.
13. Bryophytes are called amphibious plants. Give reason.
Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom because they live in soil but they require water for fertilization or asexual reproduction.
14. Although, there is a great difference between potato plant and banyan tree, they are kept in same sub-division angiosperm. Give reason.
Despite of the differences in appearance and ecological role, both potato share common characters like both potato reproduce through seeds that are protected by a fruit, have vascular tissue, carry out double fertilization, well developed root and shoot system, etc.
15. Write differences between Algae and fungi.
Algae and fungi are two distinct kingdom plantae and fungi respectively. The differences between them are as follows.
Algae | Fungi |
1. Algae are autotrophic. | 1. Fungi are heterotrophic. |
2. They are mostly aquatic. | 2. They are terrestrial, saprophytic or parasitic |
3. Cell wall is made up of cellulose | 3. Cell wall is made up of chitin. |
16. Write any two difference between Bryophyta and Pteridophyta.
Two differences between Bryophyta and Pteridophyta are:
Bryophyta | Pteridophyta |
1. They are non-vascular plants | 1. They are vascular plants. |
2. The spores are produced in capsule. | 2. The spores are produced in sporangia. |
17. Write two differences between gymnosperm and angiosperm.
Two differences between gymnosperm and angiosperm are:
Gymnosperm | Angiosperm |
1. They produce cones which contain naked seeds. | 1. They produce fruits which enclose seeds. |
2. Leaves are elongated and pointed. | 2. Leaves are flat and broad. |
18. Differentiate between tapeworm and hookworm.
Tapeworm | Hookworm |
1. They belong to phylum Platyhelminthes. | 1. They belong to phylum Aschihelminthes. |
2. They have mouth but no anus. | 2. They have both mouth and anus. |
19. Write two differences between starfish and fish.
Two differences between starfish and fish are:
Starfish | Fish |
1. They belong to phylum Echinodermata. | 1. They belong to phylum chordate. |
2. The locomotory organs are tube feet. | 2. The locomotary organs are fins and tails. |
20. Write the differences between bird and bat.
Bird | Bat |
1. Bird belongs to class aves. | 1. Bat belongs to class Mammalia. |
2. It has wings to fly. | 2. It has patagium to fly. |
3. Bones are hollow. | 3. Bones are filled. |
21. What are rhizoids? Write down their functions.
Rhizoids are root-like structures that are found in some non-vascular plants, fungi, and some protists. Their functions are:
a) Anchoring the organism to a substrate or surface.
b) Absorbing water and nutrients from the surrounding environment.
c) Secreting enzymes that break down organic matter.
d) Facilitating the spread of the organism, as rhizoids can grow and branch out to form new individuals.
22. Why are the seeds of angiosperms enclosed inside fruits or seed covering?
The seeds of angiosperms are enclosed inside fruits or seed covering to aid in their protection, dispersal and provide nutrition for the development of seedlings.
23. Write few characteristics of curstacea.
Few characteristics of Crustacea are:
a) The body is divided into cephalothorax and abdomen.
b) Breathe through gills.
c) They have hard skeleton made up of chitin.
d) They are aquatic.
e) Exampless: prawn , crab, ect
24. Write characteristics of myriopoda
Few characteristic of myriopoda are:
a) The body is elongated and metamerically segmented.
b) Each segment of the body contains one or two pairs of jointed legs.
c) They are terrestrial.
d) Breathe through trachea.
25. Write characteristics of Class arachnida.
Characteristics of class arachnida are:
a) The body is divided into cephalothorax and abdomen.
b) Four pairs of jointed legs are present.
c) Breathe through trachea or book lungs.
d) Antennae and true jaws are absent.
26. Write characteristics of insecta.
Characteristics of insecta are as follows.
a) Body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen.
b) The head bears a pair of compound eye and antennae.
c) Breathe through trachea.
d) They are mostly terrestrial.
Long Answer Questions: [4 marks each]
1. Write any four characteristics of kingdom Monera with examples.
The characteristics of organisms belonging to kingdom Monera include:
a) They are unicellular organisms.
b) The cell wall is rigid and made up of peptidoglycan.
c) Asexual Reproduction through binary fission.
d) Flagella serves as the locomotory organ.
e) It lacks organelles like mitochondria, lysosomes, plastids, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, centrosome, etc.
f) Examples of Monera include bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhi
2. What are the major basis of five system of classification?
The major basis of the five systems of classification are:
a) Morphological characteristics such as the shape, size, and structure of organisms.
b) Internal and external anatomical characteristics of organisms.
c) Complexity of body organization.
d) The physiological processes and functions of organisms like metabolism, respiration, and reproduction.
e) The cellular structure and organization of organisms.
f) The evolutionary history and relationships among organisms, reflecting their ancestor-descendant relationships.
3. Write any four characteristics of kingdom Protista.
a) Protists may exist as single-celled organisms, such as amoebas, paramecia, or algae, or they may form colonies of cells, such as slime molds.
b) Protists have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, hence they are eukaryotes.
c) Protists may be autotrophic, such as photosynthetic algae, or heterotrophic, such as protozoans that feed on other organisms.
d) Protists occupy a wide range of ecological niches, from marine plankton to soil-dwelling amoebas.
4. How are Protists differ from Monera? State any four points.
Protists and Monera are two different kingdoms in the biological classification system. Here are some of the ways in which they differ:
a) Protists are eukaryotic organisms, i.e. they have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles in their cells whereas Monera are prokaryotic organisms, i.e. they lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
b) Protists exhibit various forms of nutrition, reproduction, and locomotion while most of themonera are bacteria.
c) Protists are generally larger than Monera.
d) Most protists have cell walls made of cellulose or other materials, while Monera has cell walls made of peptidoglycan or other substances.
1. Make a flow chart of kingdom plantae.
Glossary
Adventitious root | A root growing from body parts apart from the main root |
Algae: | Green thallophytes that are autotrophic and some are unicellular. |
Angiosperm: | Plants that bear seeds enclosed by fruits. |
asexual reproduction: | process of producing offsprings without the fusion of gametes |
Autotrophs: | Organism that can synthesize their own food using inorganic substances |
Binomial system of nomenclature: | The process of naming organisms using two Latin word; one generic and other specific. Eg Euphorbia hirta |
Bryophytes: | Non-flowering plants that are non-vascular mostly found in damp, shady and moist places. |
Budding: | Mode of reproduction in which an outgrowth called bud develops on parent body which detatches on maturity |
Chordates: | Animals which bear notochord in some stage of their life. |
Closed circulatory system: | A type of circulation of blood in which blood is transported throughout the body through blood vessels to and from the heart. |
Cnidoblast: | Also called nematocyst present in the tentacles of coelenteron which paralyse the prey and capture the food |
Cold blooded or poikilothermic animals: | Animals whose body temperature changes with the change in surrounding temperature. |
Commensalism: | An association of organism in which one get benefit and other neither benefit nor harm |
Diploblastic animal: | An organism which is developed from two germ layers. |
Dorsoventrally flattened | a plant or animal body or body part which is flat from upper as well as lower surface |
Eukaryotes: | The organisms having well-organized nucleus and membrane bound structure in their cells. |
Evolution: | The process by which the forms of life that exist today evolved from early life-foirm by gradual change over time |
Fibrous root: | hin, branched roots that arise from the base of the stem. Eg. Root of grass |
Gametophyte: | The gamete-producing and usually haploid phase, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises. |
Genus: | The group of organism of same family with similar physiology, anatomy and feeding habit. |
Hermaphrodite: | Animal having both male and female sex organ within same individual |
Heterotrophs: | The organism that cannot prepare their own food by themselves. |
Holophytic: | Nutrition of plants which is also called autotrophs. |
Holozoic: | The process of nutrition that takes place in organism which take solid or liquid food inside their body. |
immobile: | That cannot move |
Insectivorous plants: | Plants that absorb nutrient by trapping insects (eg pitcher plant) |
Invertebrates: | Group of animals which do not have vertebral column in their body. |
Metamorphosis: | The process of completion of the life cycle through different stages. |
Microscopic organisms: | Organism that cannot be seen through naked eyes. |
Multicellular organism: | Organism made up of large number of cells. |
Notochord: | An elastic rod which extends through Chordate organisms, providing rigid support replaced by vertebral column in vertebrates. |
Open circulatory system: | The circulatory system in which blood is transported directly into the tissue without blood vessels |
Osculum: | The large opening of the sponge |
Ostia: | Minute pores present on the body of sponge. |
Oviparous: | Egg laying animal |
Oviparous: | Egg laying animals. |
Parasites: | The heterotrophs that live on or inside the body of host for their food and habitat. |
Parasitic: | Mode of nutrition in which an organism lives on or inside the body of their host and derive their nutrition from them. |
Pentadactyle: | having five fingers |
Phloem: | A vascular tissue for the conduction of food |
Pollination | The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma |
Prokaryotes: | Any of the group of living organisms primarily characterized by the lack of a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, |
Prokaryotic: | A cell that does not have a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. |
Regeneration | Mode of reproduction in which an cut part of the body grows into a new individual |
Saprophytes: | The heterotrophs that derived their nutrients from dead and decayed organic matter. |
Saprophytic: | Mode of nutrition in which plants absorb nutrients directly from the dead and decayed plants and animals dissolved in liquid medium. |
Sessile: | Organism which remain adhere and does not move |
Setae: | Bristles on the segments of annelids which help them in locomotion |
Spongocoel: | The hollow cavity of sponge though which water circulates |
Sporophyte: | the asexual and usually diploid phase, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises. |
Substratum: | A solid substance on/in which living things adhere while they grow. |
Tap root: | Root having one primary root with branches as secondary and tertiary roots. |
Taxon: | An accepted category under which the organism having similar characteristics are grouped. |
Taxonomy: | Science that deals with the classification and nomenclature of organisms. |
Thallophytes: | Plants whose body is not differentiated into root, stem or leaves |
Tracheophyta: | The division which includes all vascular plants. |
Triploblastic animals: | The animals developed from three germ layers |
Tube feet: | Small project on the oral surface of Echinodermata which help them in locomotion, feeding and respiration |
Unicellular organism: | Organism made up of only one cell. |
Vascular plants: | Plants having xylem and phloem for the conduction of water and nutrients respectively |
visceral mass: | The soft, metabolic non-muscular region of mollusca that contain the body organs |
Viviparous: | Animals that give direct birth. |
Viviparous: | Animals that give birth to their young ones. |
Warm blooded or homoeothermic animals: | Animals whose body remains constant whether the surrounding temperature changes. |
Xylem: | A vascular tissue for the conduction of water |
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